Ethos Network: Reinventing the Crypto Credit System
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Ethos Network: Reinventing the Crypto Credit System
From invitation-only, guarantees, attestations, reduction mechanisms to credibility quantification: a detailed breakdown of Ethos' core reputation system design.
Navigating Web3 tides with focused insightsAuthor: KarenZ, Foresight News
The crypto world is often compared to the "Wild West," filled with chaos and disorder. Trust issues remain a key barrier preventing the industry from broader adoption and maturity. Addressing this pain point, Ethos Network aims to measure credibility and reputation on blockchain, creating a more trustworthy environment for the crypto ecosystem.
As Ethos notes, in real-world society, reputation is everywhere—resumes determine job opportunities, ratings filter doctors, and five-star drivers get priority ride assignments. Yet, the credibility system in the crypto world is nearly non-existent. The lack of an accessible, clear, and referenceable reputation framework leads to high trust costs, zero cost for malicious behavior, and frequent fraud.
Ethos seeks to fill this gap. Its solution is an on-chain reputation protocol—a decentralized mechanism that generates a Credibility Score, functioning like a "credit report" for the crypto world. However, it is built entirely on open protocols and on-chain records, driving the crypto ecosystem toward greater order and maturity.
Core Design of Ethos
The Ethos protocol leverages a series of innovative mechanisms combined with Social Proof of Stake (Social PoS) to ensure its reputation system is reliable, decentralized, and resistant to Sybil attacks. Below are its main features and mechanisms:
1. Invitation System and Sybil Attack Prevention
To ensure network resilience against Sybil attacks (i.e., manipulation via creation of numerous fake identities), Ethos employs a strict invitation model. Users must be invited by existing Ethos account holders to create their own Ethos Profile. This effectively limits the proliferation of malicious accounts.
The invitation mechanism also introduces a "reputation bonding" design: for 90 days after invitation, the inviter and invitee form a bonded relationship. During this period, the inviter receives 20% of the invitee’s credibility score—both positive gains and negative losses. That means if the invitee earns a high score through honest behavior, the inviter shares 20% of that gain; conversely, if the invitee loses points due to malicious actions, the inviter also suffers a proportional penalty. This incentivizes inviters to carefully select whom they invite, enhancing overall network trustworthiness.
2. On-Chain Credibility Score
The core function of Ethos is generating a Credibility Score—a numerical metric quantifying a user's on-chain trustworthiness. The score is based on the following on-chain activities and social interactions:
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Review Mechanism: Only users with an Ethos Profile can leave reviews, which may be positive, neutral, or negative. While a single review has minimal impact, cumulative reviews significantly affect a user’s credibility score. For example, consistent positive evaluations from multiple high-reputation users can substantially boost the target user’s credibility.
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Vouching Mechanism: Allows Ethos users to stake Ethereum (with support for other assets planned in the future) to vouch for another user, signaling confidence in their credibility. Vouching directly impacts the target user’s credibility score. Key characteristics include:
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The vouching party must stake a certain amount of ETH. The higher the staked amount, the greater the positive impact on the target user’s credibility score.
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The staked ETH is locked as financial backing for the vouched user’s credibility.
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A vouching party can withdraw their vouch at any time. If they discover misconduct by the vouched user, withdrawal will cause the target user’s credibility score to drop.
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When User A and User B mutually vouch for each other, the system recognizes this as a mutual vouching relationship, resulting in a stronger credibility boost for both parties.
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Slashing: A community-driven punishment mechanism designed to deter bad behavior. This feature is not yet live.
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Any Ethos participant can act as a “reporter,” offering a reward to verifiers to request manual validation.
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Verifiers receive the same reward regardless of voting outcome, reducing potential bias.
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If verifiers support the reporter’s claim, part of the reported user’s staked funds will be slashed and awarded to the reporter. A single slashing event cannot exceed 10% of the total ETH staked within Ethos. If the reporter’s claim fails, they face penalties.
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Slashed funds are deducted directly from the reported user’s stake and transferred to the reporter. This is the only mechanism that can forcibly withdraw funds without the staker’s consent, though it is designed to occur very rarely (typically preceded by negative reviews or vouch withdrawals).
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A penalized user cannot be punished again for the same type of report within 72 hours, providing a buffer period and protection against malicious repeated attacks.
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Ethos users can also initiate “Social Slashings,” which carry no financial risk but impact participants’ credibility scores.
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Attestation Mechanism: Enables participants to link other digital identities, social media profiles, and on-chain wallets, reflecting authority, reputation, and influence from external sources. Attestations are free—users only pay required gas fees. Verified accounts and wallets are permanently recorded on-chain. Fraudulent attestations (e.g., linking someone else’s social media) result in severe penalties:
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Financial penalty: Staked ETH (if any) may be confiscated.
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Social penalty: Significant drop in credibility score, potentially triggering a social slashing.
3. Ethos Profile Display
User Profiles provide transparent, verifiable trust references for communities and dApps. Users can remain anonymous or use pseudonyms without revealing real-world identities. An Ethos Profile includes a Credibility Center and Credibility Score, integrating data from attestations, vouches, reviews, and slashings. The Profile’s Credibility Center summarizes relevant credibility signals derived from Ethos protocol activity or linked wallet behaviors, highlighting the most influential elements such as large vouches, notable reviews, and major asset holdings.
4. How Is the Credibility Score Calculated?
By analyzing social interaction data generated through the above mechanisms, Ethos produces a numerical Credibility Score displayed within the Ethos Profile.
The scoring algorithm considers multiple weighted metrics covering various on-chain actions. These include vouch-related factors such as number of vouches, mutual vouch status, vouch amounts, duration of mutual vouching, and default history. It also evaluates the credibility scores of reviewers or vouch providers, the user’s average contribution rating on Ethos, and the age of attested accounts. Weights are non-linear and subject to adjustment based on evolving credibility consensus, ensuring scientific rigor and adaptability.
The score ranges from 0 to 2800, divided into five tiers: 0–799: Untrustworthy 800–1199: Suspicious 1200–1599: Neutral 1600–1999: Reputable 2000–2800: Excellent All wallets and attestations start with a default score of 1200 (Neutral).
In terms of governance, given the importance of the credibility score, Ethos Labs plans to eventually transfer control over the scoring algorithm to the community, avoiding risks associated with centralized influence.
Ethos Reputation Market
Ethos has also launched a reputation market called "Ethos Market." Ethos Market allows users to speculate on the reputation of individuals, companies, DAOs, or even AI entities by buying and selling "Trust Shares" and "Distrust Shares." Each market is tied to an Ethos Profile (linked Ethereum wallet), reflecting the real-time credibility score of the subject.
The market starts at 50% trust vs. 50% distrust, with prices dynamically adjusting based on trading activity. Buying "Trust Shares" increases the target user’s perceived trust level while lowering the price of Distrust Shares, and vice versa. Since reputation cannot be definitively settled at any moment, the market continuously fluctuates, leading Ethos Market to adopt a perpetual market design.
For pricing and liquidity, Ethos Market uses an AMM smart contract and applies the standard Logarithmic Market Scoring Rule (LMSR) algorithm to price opposing positions—same as the pricing model used by Polymarket.
Summary
Ethos aims to make reputation a default component of the crypto economy. Through its "Social Proof of Stake" mechanism, it binds human values with on-chain behavior, incentivizing honest conduct while penalizing malicious actors, thus guiding the crypto world toward a healthier, more orderly future. Additionally, the Ethos protocol can be integrated into wallet plugins, dApps, and more, serving as a universal reputation layer across the crypto landscape rather than a standalone application.
Ethos’ innovative mechanisms and vision bring new hope for solving the industry’s persistent trust challenges. At the same time, it faces significant hurdles: the invitation model may limit user growth, the scoring algorithm must ensure fairness, and community governance remains underdeveloped.
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