Overview of 7 Cross-L2 Interoperability Solutions
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Overview of 7 Cross-L2 Interoperability Solutions
Vitalik Buterin says Cross-L2 interoperability is no longer an issue.
Navigating Web3 tides with focused insightsAuthor: Haotian
Recently, @VitalikButerin stated that Cross-L2 interoperability is no longer an issue. While he didn't explicitly name specific projects, based on the lively discussion in the comments, I’ve summarized several solutions addressing Cross-layer2 interoperability as follows:
1) Based-Rollup
Within the Ethereum layer2 ecosystem, certain projects pursue compatibility equivalence by maximizing shared components between layer2 and layer1, achieving full EVM compatibility. This allows layer2 to offload sequencing functions directly to the mainnet.
Specifically, mainnet Proposers can retrieve Rollup Batch transactions from the Mempool via a special route similar to MEV-Boost, then directly order and finalize them on the mainnet. Representative project:
@taikoxyz
2) CrossChain-Rollup
Advanced ZK technology enables trustless mechanisms across complex environments—both homogeneous and heterogeneous chains—including EVM-Compatible chains (where Cross-L2 falls), and even bridging EVM with Non-EVM or non-smart-contract platforms.
In practice, ZK frameworks act as underlying communication protocols, allowing chains to securely exchange messages by verifying proofs without accessing each other’s raw data. A ZK-Rollup essentially computes large volumes of data off-chain into Proofs, which are then verified and finalized by a Rollup contract on the mainnet. Representative project: @ProjectZKM’s Entangled Rollup Network for unified liquidity.
3) Intent-Rollup
Intent-based transactions have long been seen as key to crypto’s mass adoption, accommodating account abstraction, chain abstraction, AI agents, pre-confirmations, and more. Intents abstract user needs into programmable expressions, which are then solved and executed by decentralized solver networks, optimizing the end-user transaction experience.
Intents represent the ultimate form of idealized transactions, lowering the barrier for users entering crypto and attracting new users to the space. While the concept is easy to grasp, perfectly translating vague and complex user intents into executable code poses significant technical challenges, requiring a robust network of solvers. Representative project: @dappOS_com
4) Layer2-Based Layer3
Top-tier layer2 projects like Arbitrum, Starknet, and Optimism have all introduced layer3 appchain strategies. Layer3 appchains offer customization, independent tokenomics, and custom gas models, but rely on layer2 infrastructure for core services—especially interoperability.
Layer2s can provide cross-appchain communication foundations for layer3s using shared sequencers, shared provers, and other common components. Representative project:
@arbitrum Orbit
5) Cosmos IBC-Based Rollup
Cosmos’ IBC framework provides basic interoperability for all chains connected to the Cosmos Hub. Applying IBC specifically within the Ethereum layer2 ecosystem creates a layer2 interoperability layer powered by Cosmos IBC.
This approach retains core Cosmos SDK code, reducing development costs while enabling targeted enhancements for Ethereum compatibility—effectively bringing Cosmos’ universal interoperability to Ethereum’s ecosystem. Representative project: @Polymer_Labs
6) AVS-Based Rollup
EigenLayer’s middleware protocol enables Ethereum validators to commercialize their consensus and extend it to other Rollups, layer2s, or even heterogeneous chains.
This solution allows Ethereum validators to re-stake LST tokens under an economic incentive/punishment system, extending Ethereum’s security consensus beyond the mainnet. If multiple layer2s adopt AVS for consensus, it becomes another economically driven Based-Rollup model, enabling mainnet components to participate in cross-layer2 interoperability. Representative project: @alt_layer
7) Modular-Rollups
At a high degree of modularity, the Rollup-as-a-Service (RaaS) model will drive a boom in one-click layer2 deployment. Future layer2 networks may share Celestia’s DA (data availability) layer, use execution layers like Solana’s VM or Ethereum’s EVM, and treat Ethereum as a shared settlement layer. Absolute modularity, however, depends on seamless cross-module and cross-chain communication. Representative project:
@AvailProject
……Others
Note: The above examples reflect only the areas I’m familiar with and may not be comprehensive. There are often multiple differentiated projects working on the same direction—feel free to add more in the comments. (All aim to eliminate centralized cross-chain bridges and CEX asset relay points.)
I hope Vitalik continues to speak up on these topics—but please avoid naming specific projects. True innovation shouldn’t depend on Vitalik endorsing particular teams. Of course, some of these directions may challenge Ethereum’s central role, but Ethereum’s future must transcend an “Ethereum-first” mindset. Only by stepping outside Ethereum can we truly see the full picture of its ecosystem, right?
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Haotian | CryptoInsight
