TechFlow news, Vitalik Buterin has published a "step-by-step roadmap for scaling Rollups using calldata expansion and sharding." In this article, Vitalik states that transaction fees on L1 have remained very high, making it increasingly urgent to take any necessary measures to facilitate the ecosystem's transition toward Rollups. Rollups have already significantly reduced costs for many Ethereum users: l2fees.info shows that Optimism and Arbitrum offer fees approximately 3–8 times lower than Ethereum’s base layer itself. However, even these fees are still too expensive for many users. Vitalik proposes four steps: Step One—transaction calldata expansion; Step Two—some sharding; Step Three—N shards protected by committees; Step Four—data availability sampling. Yet this raises a question: if the Ethereum core protocol does not store this data, who will? Vitalik suggests several possibilities: individuals and institutions; block explorers; Rollup DAOs, clients; portal networks; and protocols like The Graph. Some of these solutions (individual and institutional volunteers, block explorers) are already available.
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