TechFlow news, November 11 — Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin posted on social media stating that for voting applications, zero-knowledge proofs (ZK) cannot provide coercion resistance. Technologies such as trusted parties, multi-party computation (MPC), fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), or trusted execution environments (TEE) are required to achieve this functionality.
Vitalik noted that zero-knowledge proofs can be layered with technologies like fully homomorphic encryption, so that even if FHE is broken, the system retains all security properties except coercion resistance due to the presence of ZK. He believes this approach of combining technology stacks applies to almost all non-ZK cryptographic application scenarios, and recommends integrating other cryptographic techniques with ZK to provide ZK-level security protection for as many applications and data as possible.
