TechFlow news, on March 29, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin published a long-form article titled "A simple L2 security and finalization roadmap," outlining three core directions for optimizing Ethereum L2 security and finality.
Vitalik noted that the current state of L2 security and finality is improving: we now have three rollups at stage one, Pectra will soon provide more blob space for rollups, and Fusaka 17 will further expand blob capacity. Meanwhile, an increasing number of high-quality ZK-EVM options are significantly reducing finality times. The next steps for Ethereum's L2 development are:
1. More Blobs
Increase blob space to 6 through the Pectra upgrade, then expand to 72 blobs in the year-end Fusaka upgrade (or incrementally increase to 12–24 blobs in stages), meeting L2 transaction throughput demands.
2. Use Hybrid Proof Systems
Adopt a 2/3 multi-signature scheme combining optimistic proofs, ZK proofs, and TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) trusted hardware proofs. This approach ensures immediate finality under normal conditions, meets core stage two requirements, and avoids overreliance on ZK proofs in the short term.
3. Build a Unified ZK Proof Aggregation Layer
Gradually enable ZK-EVMs to generate proofs within a single slot. Additionally, establish a neutral ecosystem mechanism allowing all zero-knowledge proof-based applications to submit their proofs, which an aggregator then combines into a single, unified proof. This way, N applications share approximately 500,000 gas costs instead of each paying separately.
With these measures, we can achieve higher levels of fast finality and security, reaching the fully trustless critical stage two milestone when both OP and ZK proof systems function correctly. This would drastically reduce market makers' round-trip times—potentially down to just one hour—and make intent-based cross-L2 bridging extremely low-cost.
